As a science, psychology attempts the same thing - to develop laws, but this time to predict behavior. AQA A LEVEL Psychology topic companion: approaches in psychology Page 5 Introspection means "looking into " and is the process in which a person examine s their inner world, by consciously observing their thoughts and emotions. This covers the origins of psychology as well as various approaches to the study of the mind, such as the cognitive and biological approaches. With a computer, data goes in, it gets processed, then you get an output. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Car Crash Study. Acknowledges mental processes: It is obvious that mental processes (thoughts, reflections, emotions, etc.) There is some evidence that psychoanalysis can successfully treat mild neuroses (though not serious mental disorders like. Such processing causes the area of the brain involved to increase metabolism and light up on the scan. Nurture is the influence of experiences on a persons ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and nature is the influence of biological drives and needs (Maslows hierarchy of needs). messy and disorganised. accidentally calling your girlfriend Mum). PAPER 2 - Approaches in Psychology. An example of such a theoretical model isthe multi-store model of memory from elsewhere in the course: It explains how information flows through various components for processing. This approach can be used to explain mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, although these explanations are rarely used by mainstream psychology. No deck description has yet been added by the author. 03-4130-30180-03. Skinners experiments involved putting animals (rats and pigeons) in cages like the one below: In one variation of the experiment, pressing the response lever caused food to come out of the food dispenser. It emphasises the role of the unconscious mind in determining behaviour. The biological approach uses very scientific methods such as scans and biochemistry. Practical applications: The humanistic approach has yielded therapies that have helped people. No deck description has yet been added by the author. Strong determinism of the behavioral approach as all behavior is learned from our environment through classical and operant conditioning. Psychoanalysis is rarely used now in its original form, but it is still used in a shorter version in some cases. These questions will cover basic arithmetic, data, and graphs. The humanistic approach has been influential on counselling therapy, which originated with Rogers. He argued that genetically determined characteristics or behavior that enhance our chances of survival and reproduction would be passed on to the next generation and become more common in a population, whereas traits that do not enhance survival will gradually disappear. There are multiple different ways to approach the study of psychology. A Level Psychology Topic Quiz - Approaches - tutor2u [1 mark], Which of the following best describes identification as a feature of social learning? Conflicting evidence: Despite high concordance rates for certain behaviours and psychological disorders among identical twins (see supporting evidence above), these concordance rates are much lower than 100%. However, once a schema is formed, it can be difficult to change: People tend to be biased towards information that fits pre-existing schema, and often ignore or re-interpret contradictory information in order to fit their existing schema. Approaches exam questions Flashcards | Quizlet In addition to the biological dimension of genetics, the biological approach also looks at the influence of biological structures on psychological traits and behaviour. At the bottom of the hierarchy are the most essential physiological needs without things like food, water, and air to breathe, you die. First, the dogs were presented with the food, and they salivated. The entire issues and options in psychology module is for A level only, not AS. Approaches in Psychology | Psychology | tutor2u These mediating processes are described in Bandura (1977) as follows: Strengths of the social learning approach: Weaknesses of the social learning approach: The cognitive approach to psychology explains behaviour as a result of cognitive processes such as thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions. E.g. Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food. having a home), followed by social (e.g. There may be one, two, or all (only in the extended writing 16-mark question). However, it measures non-observable behaviors; therefore, it could be argued that it is not as scientific as the behaviorist approach. The five psychosexual stages are as follows: An example of getting stuck: If youve ever heard someone describe a person as anal and thought it was a weird word to describe someone whos obsessive about detail, it comes from Freud. Skinner argued that learning is an active process. Other examples of classical conditioning in humans can be seen in the behaviourist explanation of phobias. For example, hearing a phone notification go off (even if its someone elses with the same tone) may cause you to instinctively reach into your pocket for your phone. As part of his experiments, Wundt pioneered the technique of introspection. Approaches in Psychology Exam Buster Revision Guide for AQA A-Level Psychology. Cambridge International AS & A Level Psychology 9990 syllabus. But this schema would include cats, too. Freuds psychoanalytic theory is the most influential example of a psychodynamic approach to psychology. This suggests that the central executive is situated in the prefrontal cortex. Introduction Syllabus for examination in 2021, 2022 and 2023. Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved. The adult derives pleasure from masturbation and sexual intercourse. moral beliefs about right and wrong). E.g. 5.95. A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) This class was created by Brainscape user Anna Webster. This idea is now common to many other psychological theories, such as, Practical applications: Freuds theories yielded a treatment form known as psychoanalysis, which involves accessing and interpreting the unconscious mind (e.g. i.e. AQA Psychology Approaches AS and A2 Bundle This is very easy to see in physics, chemistry, and biology. eye colour or hair colour. This enables many of the sufferers to lead fairly normal lives. A FREE document that Compares each of the Approaches (Paper 2) using the Debates, including examples. This can cause feelings of low self-esteem and worthlessness that prevent self-actualisation. So, over time, the child refines its schemas to become more detailed. One of the very influential concepts put forward by Freud is the lasting importance of childhood on later life and development. According to Rogers, the core qualities of a good counselling therapist are: The aim of Rogers counselling psychology (also called person-centred therapy) is to increase congruence between the clients self-image and ideal self and increasing their feelings of self-worth. It explains how behaviours are learned from experience via (subconscious) association. There is no need to be worried if you have a GCSE pass grade of 5 or higher, as you will be familiar with these concepts. It introduced scientific methods to psychology. We form schema blueprints and use them to interpret the past, categorise information in the present, and form expectations/predictions for the future. The cognitive approach uses lab experiments that are highly controlled; therefore, they are replicable. The social learning theory is also on the nurture side because it argues that we learn our behavior from role models in our environment. intelligence, or aggression also have a genetic component that can be passed on from parents to children. A Level Psychology - Types of Research Method. A-Level Psychology (AQA): Approaches - The Behaviourist Approach It recognizes the influence of social and cultural factors as it proposes that we are driven by innate, biological instincts (nature) but that the way they are expressed is shaped by our social environment (nurture). The, Inner mental processes (e.g. Every time he activated the lever, a food pellet fell into the food dispenser (positive reinforcement). 3. The children who had observed the aggressive model (group 1) were more aggressive than the children from the other two groups. This has been used in court in the case of Jamie Bulgers murder(1990). (1961) and Badura and Walters (1963); however, these were laboratory experiments, and the task did not reflect the way the participants behaved in their normal life. The psychodynamic approach is determinist as it rejects the idea of free will. Thus, the behaviourist approach was born and along with it - the emergence of psychology. The psychodynamic approach to psychology explains behaviour as a result of unconscious processes. Humans have different social norms and moral values these mediate the effects of the environment therefore we might behave differently from animals, so the laws and principles derived from these experiments might apply more to animals than to humans. An example of the behavior of evolutionary explanation is Bowlbys theory of attachment. The next most essential needs are safety (e.g. This includes 3-5 hours worth of revision for the whole of the approaches unit. However you can't make universal claims based on a few individuals. Psychological Approaches - SlideShare The earliest and most famous documentation of classical conditioning is found in Pavlov (1927). For example, the genetic characteristics expressed by an individual (whether they have blue eyes or brown eyes). Failure to resolve conflicts (e.g. For example, schemas can be used to explain how eyewitness memories of events can be distorted and, therefore, inaccurate. Schemas help us to interpret incoming information quickly and effectively; this prevents us from being overwhelmed by the vast amount of information we perceive in our environment. A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) - Online Flashcards by Anna Webster - Brainscape This suggests there are other factors besides genetics needed to fully explain behaviour. One way in which the mind resolves these conflicts is via defence mechanisms. This theory had a major impact on social psychology, supporting the notion that . The approach is reductionist as it does not take into account emotions and motivation, which influence the processing of information and memory. Based on this approach, client-centered therapy aims to increase clients self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self. Replication. According to this approach, people are self-determining, which means that they have free will they can make choices about the way they think and act. Self-actualisation is a growth need. Phenotype: the physical representation that results from the individuals genotype. Humanistic psychologists see humans as free to change and make decisions that lead to self-actualisation. The biological approach to psychology explains behaviour as a result of biological factors such as genetics, biological structures, and neurochemistry. All people have an innate tendency towards growth and the fulfillment of their potential; they have the desire to become everything that they are capable of self-actualization. For example, if a parent only praises and loves their child when they do well in school, or win competitions, then their love is conditional. However, it does not take into account free will and moral values. The psychodynamic approach recognizes the influence of social factors as it argues that we are driven by innate biological instincts, represented by the Id (nature), but the ways these instincts are expressed are shaped by our social and cultural environment (nurture).
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