In an effort to preserve this alliance, it was proposed that Louis XV of France's heir, his grandson Louis-Auguste, marry one of Empress Maria Theresa's daughters. Marie Antoinette threw herself into the spirit of the French court gambling, partying, and purchasing. Born Maria Antonia in 1755 Vienna to Empress Maria of Austria, the young princess was chosen to marry the dauphin of France, Louis Auguste, when her sister was found an unsuitable match. A marriage by proxy took place in Munich on 13 June 1747 to Frederick Christian, the heir to the Electorate of Saxony, while they would wed in person in Dresden on 20 June 1747. Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria - Royalpedia Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. He also had a deep conversation with Louis XVI in which they discussed the couple's sexual problems. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Genealogy for Maria Amalia Josepha Johanna Antonia von Habsburg (Habsburg-Lothringen), duchessa di Parma (1746 - 1804) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. However, by then it had become clear to the people of France that the king and the entire royal family were "enemies" of the revolution. In return for agreeing to this renunciation, Maximilian was offered full possession of the Spanish Netherlands if Austria should inherit Spain. Taking the Duc de Fronsac's advice, the three ladies ran to the king's bedchamber. Simply click 'close' in the top right corner to continue reading! Giacomo Casanovas escape from an inescapable prison. In addition to the political disaster of the Diamond Necklace Affair, the royal family also suffered several terrible personal tragedies. The royals' escape was foiled at the town of Varennes, when the king was momentarily recognized, and they were forced back to Paris by local republicans. He died ten weeks later, and their son Frederick Augustus succeeded him. The depiction of the benevolent, thoughtful ruler Talestris coming to be a political leader suggests the possibility that the opera is a semi-autobiographical rendering of Maria Antonia herself. Encyclopedia.com. Marie Antoinette was coming to suspect that the reformists in the Estates-General were secretly working to overthrow the monarchy. Only a certain lady could tie her petticoats, but a different one had to put them on her. She was also criticized when she began to spend more time at Le Petit Trianon, a small chteau on the palace grounds. It is reported that Marie said to her at a ball, "There are a lot of people at Versailles tonight, aren't there," and walked away to mingle with others. Maria Amalia Josepha Johanna Antonia Archduchess of Austria, . Marie Antoinette embraced the frivolity that came so naturally to her in a way that stood out even in Versailles. In October of that year, the people rioted over the exorbitant price of bread, marching 12 miles from the capital to the golden gates of Versailles. Maria Antonia would barely know her mother as she died on 12 March 1673 at the age of 21. 2 vols. We are too young to reign. Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empire) (Maria Theresa; 17171780; Ruled 17401780) Negotiations completed by the adult rulers, Louis and Maria Antonia were engaged. This was considered to be a controversial match from the start, largely because of her age. Her marriage was at first an unhappy one. Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien, John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lneburg, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Bavaria&oldid=1166157456. I appeal to all mothers here present is it true?. Louis XVI was persuaded by Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais to support the American revolutionaries in their fight for independence from Britain. Her coefficient was higher than that of a child born to a parent and offspring, or brother and sister.[2]. That same year she became a member of the Accademia dellArcadia of Rome, a significant institution in operatic reform. Marie Antoinettes final 11 weeks before her death were spent in a humble cell at the Conciergerie, much of which she likely spent reflecting on the turns her life and France took to bring her from the top of the world to the guillotines blade. She then bowed her head and returned inside. Marie Antoinette was born as Maria Antonia of Austria (2 November 1755 - 16 October 1793). The British author Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849) wrote novels that are characterized by clear, vivid style, good humor, and lively dial, MERIAN, MARIA SIBYLLA (16471717), German artist and naturalist. The young royals were greeted with an outpouring of national joy, and the queen was especially adored, despite the cost of the coronation. The bodies of Marie, Louis XVI and Madame Elisabeth (Louis' sister) were buried in a mass grave near the location of today's La Madeleine church. Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia, and known affectionately by the family as 'Antoine') was the last of her mother's fifteen children, and what a mother she was Maria Teresa . However, there is no evidence that this phrase was ever spoken by Marie Antoinette. Marie Antoinette then tried to preserve the crown's rapidly deteriorating position by secretly negotiating with Antoine Barnave, leader of the constitutional monarchist faction in the assembly. She was married to Louis XVI at age 14 in a move to seal a favorable alliance between France and Austria. Marriage to Marie-Antoinette | History of Western Civilization II Maria Antonia was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, where her sarcophagus reads that she was "a princess highly famous for her birth, her marriage, her womb and death." 4 Upon the death of King Charles II without heirs, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Retrieved July 25, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maria-antonia-austria-1683-1754. When Marie Antoinette actually heard about the bread shortage she wrote, "It is quite certain that in seeing the people who treat us so well despite their own misfortune, we are more obliged than ever to work hard for their happiness. Marie Antoinette dressed simply for the executioners scaffold. Kendall W. Brown , Professor of History, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Marie Antoinette's dearest friend, the Princesse de Lamballe, was captured and told to repudiate her oath of loyalty to the queen. She left strict instructions with the Marquise de Tourzel that she was to take the children straight to the king if there were any disturbances. This was a republican attack on the privileges and ancient practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Maria Antonia of Austria, (November 2 1755 - October 16 1793) better known as Marie Antoinette . Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire (1640-1705) - Familypedia Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Her only older sibling had already died by the time she was born. The book was later adapted into the Hollywood movie directed by Sofia Coppola in 2006. The diamond necklace affair made matters even worse, when a self-styled countess fooled a cardinal into purchasing an exorbitantly expensive necklace on the queens behalf even though the queen had previously refused to buy it. Versailles, the former seat of the French monarchy. His biography was later made into a hugely successful movie starring Norma Shearer. A hungry and angry mob of peasants decided to march on Versailles. The most thorough biography of Marie Antoinette has been written by British historian Lady Antonia Fraser. Copyright 2023 | MH Magazine WordPress Theme by MH Themes. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Born Maria Antonia Josefa in Linz, Austria, on September 7, 1683; died on August 14, 1754; daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman emperor (r. 16581705), and his third wife, Eleanor of Pfalz-Neuburg (16551720); married Joao or John V (16891750), king of Portugal (r. 17061750), in 1708; children: Pedro (17121714); Maria Barbara of Braganza (17111758, who married Ferdinand VI, king of Spain); Jos or Joseph I (17141777), king of Portugal (r. 17501777); Carlos (17161736); Pedro or Peter III (d. 1786), king of Portugal (r. 17771786); Alexander (17231728). He had been banished by Madame du Barry because of his loyalty to Marie Antoinette and the alliance with Austria. The last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, never fathered any children, due to his severe deformities and illnesses. (July 25, 2023). . According to the laws of succession in Spain, Maria Antonia would have had the right to inherit the crown had she lived long enough, because she was the only surviving child of Empress Margaret Theresa, Charles II's sister. Maria Antonia eventually gave birth to Maria Barbara of Braganza in 1711, in celebration of which John V built the great basilica of Mafra. When the duke of Brunswick, commander of the Austro-Prussian army invading France, issued a manifesto threatening Paris with destruction if the royal family were harmed, reaction in Paris was swift and brutal. Trying to re-establish normalcy, Marie Antoinette continued her generous patronage of the poor children of Paris. Regency She left Dresden during the Seven Years' War and took refuge in Prague and Munich, but returned at her husband's accession to the throne in 1763. King Charles II also had not reached puberty yet. She was the heir to the Spanish throne after her maternal uncle Charles II of Spain from 1673 until her death. She was then attired in French clothing and taken to Strasbourg for a Thanksgiving Mass in her honor. She had nine children with Friedrich Christian, seven of whom survived infancy. Nevertheless, Joseph Ferdinand was widely considered to be King Charles IIs heir during his lifetime. Against the poverty of late 18th-century France, the five syllables evoke a cloud of pastel-colored indulgence, absurd fashions, and cruel frivolity, like a rococo painting, sprung to life. She was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa of Austria. Marie Antoinette (who was given the Latin baptismal name of Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna) was born at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna. She was the mother of "the lost Dauphin" (Louis XVII), named so because of rumors regarding his uncertain demise during the infamous Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Following the latter's death in 1763, she became the Regent of Saxony for their son Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. After she turned thirty, in 1785, Marie Antoinette began to dress with more restraint, as well. When she entered the courtroom, most people were shocked at her appearance as she looked emaciated, prematurely aged, and exhausted. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella of Austria[1] was an Electress of Bavaria as the wife of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. Maria Antonia remained in Vienna at first, as Maximilian was away fighting. There was elaborate royal etiquette involved. She had 2 younger siblings, both of whom died in infancy, and twelve half-siblings, eight of whom lived into adulthood. Wikimedia CommonsMarie Antoinette dressed simply for the executioners scaffold. She tearfully left Vienna to her mother's parting words, "Farewell, my dearest. People called her LAutrichienne (a play on her Austrian heritage and chienne, the French word for bitch). She wrote her final letter known as her "Testament," to her sister-in-law Elisabeth in which she expressed her love for her friends and family and begged that her children would not seek to avenge her murder. On the birth of her son, the next in line to the throne, she described the moment as "the happiest and most important event for me." Barnave persuaded Louis to openly accept the new constitution in September 1791, but the queen undermined Barnave by privately urging her brother, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, to conduct a counterrevolutionary crusade against France. When news got out about the debacle in 1785, and people thought Marie Antoinette had tried to get her hands on a 650-diamond necklace without paying for it, her already shaky reputation was ruined. Born in Vienna on 2 November 1755 as Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna, archduchess of Austria. Created by fashion designer Rose Bertin, a pouf typically had a theme or message conveyed in its details: a pouf for attending a funeral, for example, would be adorned with black decorations and a veil. Based on Vidal's painstaking research, this novel depicts pre-revolution life at Versailles. Category:Maria Antonia of Austria - Wikimedia Commons Marie Antoinette never fully recovered from her husband's death. The king, queen, their two children and Louis's sister Elisabeth were heavily guarded, in case of an attempted rescue by royalists. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article It was only when they threatened to kill Marie Thrse that she came to realize how hopeless the situation was. They were taken to the dilapidated Tuileries Palace, which had last been used during the reign of Louis XIV. They went for a long walk on the grounds of Le Petit Trianon, during which Joseph criticized her for her gambling and parties. [16] She was condemned to death for treason on October 15. As a result the republican government decided to imprison the eight-year-old child in solitary confinement. Although Leopold was devastated at the death of his only Margareta1, he remarried later that same year to Claudia Felicitas of Austria, his second cousin. Marie Antoinette: Biography, French Queen, Royalty During her childhood, it was decided that she would marry her maternal uncle, Charles II, but this plan came to nothing due to political circumstances. The Assembly of Notables, as it was called, could find no solution to the government's financial crisis. (In reality, historians believe he made up the story after his jailer caught him masturbating.). To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. The plot centers on Talestris relationship with a Scythian ruler Orontes, as in LaCalprendes version. Most historians have come to the conclusion that Marie Antoinette was blameless in the matter, that Rohan was an innocent dupe, and that the Comtesse de la Motte deceived both for her own gain. French society was under-taxed and what little money was collected failed to save the economy. Some in the mob were so impressed by her bravery that they cried "Vive la Reine!". In 1676, the engagement was officially announced, and the proxy wedding was scheduled for December. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Tragically, Maria Antonia died two months later of postpartum complications after falling into a deep state of melancholy. Marie Thrse sobbed hysterically, whilst Elisabeth clung to her brother. He married Claudia Felizitas von sterreich-Tirol (1653-1676) 1673 . Born Jeanne Bcu, she was a commoner who gained the notice of nobility as a courtesan. As an alternative, she became a candidate for marriage to Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, the Duke of Savoy, but nothing came of these plans either. Marie Antoinette - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia To strengthen an alliance with Portugal during the War of the Spanish Succession, Maria Antonia married John V, king of Portugal, on July 9, 1708, by proxy in Vienna. Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella of Austria[1] (18 January 1669 24 December 1692) was an Electress of Bavaria as the wife of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. Public hatred of the queen, however, grew so intense that she had to attend her daughter's first Communion incognito. She was forced to endure the humiliation of a public birth in front of hundreds of courtiers in her bedchamber. Although she had a lifelong love of music and singing, gossip began circulating that the queen was orchestrating the outings in order to meet with various secret lovers. During her childhood, it was decided that she would marry her maternal uncle, Charles II, but this plan came to nothing due to political circumstances. They went on to have four children: Marie Thrse Charlotte (1778 - 1851) - married her paternal first cousin Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulme, no issue Louis Joseph Xavier Franois, Dauphin of France (1781 - 1789) - died in childhood Joseph Ferdinand's death before that of Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, helped to trigger the War of the Spanish Succession. He married Eleonore Magdalene von Pfalz . Like other migrs with divided loyalties, the king's liberal cousin, Philippe duc d'Orlans, returned from England and publicly proclaimed his support for the revolutionaries. She stepped down from the cart and stared up at the guillotine. Though the man in the black mask was an early supporter of the Guillotine machine, he probably never dreamed hed have to employ it on his former employer, the queen of France. This is the story of Marie Antoinettes beheading at the Place de la Rvolution in Paris and the tumultuous events that led up to it. Shortly after moving to Dresden, she penned the libretto for Hasses oratorio, La conversione di SantAgostino (1750), in addition to her composing work. In recent years some modern historians have attempted to exculpate her image; many of her excesses were common practices among other European royalty of that era; additionally, she displayed tremendous loyalty and courage during the dark and tempestuous days of the French Revolution. Only after the marriage treaty was signed did Maria Theresa realize her daughter lacked sufficient knowledge of the French language and customs and tutors were summoned to prepare the girl for her role as future Queen of France.[1]. Marie Antoinette, missing the companionship she had enjoyed with her sister Maria Carolina, found a substitute in Princess Thrse de Lamballe. She was the second child of Emperor Leopold I (16401705) and his wife Margaret Theresa of Spain (16511673). The pouf became Marie Antoinette's signature style, and the trend spread rapidly among the French nobility of the time. Portrait de Maria Antonia (Marie-Antoinette), archiduchesse d'Autriche, future reine de France, filant une frivolit (1755-1793) (1947-0042) Marie Antoinette of Austria as a child; 18th-century portrait drawings of girls; 18th-century portraits of girls at half length; Badges of the Order of the Starry Cross in portrait paintings Zita of Bourbon-Parma - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core She whispered to the man: Wikimedia CommonsCharles-Henri Sanson, Marie Antoinettes executioner. He eventually settled on Marie Louise of Orlans, with Maria Anna of Neuburg becoming his second wife later on. She died of postpartum infections after childbirth. Marie Antoinette, clad in simple white so different from her signature powder-blue silks and satins, accidentally stepped on Sansons foot. Lettre de Marie-Antoinette Madame lisabeth. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The queen then stood alone for almost ten minutes, whilst many in the crowd pointed muskets at her. She was the eldest daughter and only surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and his first wife Margaret Theresa of Spain. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. [5] After the incident, Marie Antoinette, who corresponded often with her mother, said, "My duties here are sometimes hard to fulfill.". (Show more) Role In: Affair of the Diamond Necklace See all related content Top Questions In January 1793, King Louis XVI was sentenced to death for conspiring against the state. She was then taken from her daughter and sister-in-law and transferred across Paris to the Conciergerie Prison. Courtiers rushed to swear allegiance to their new king, Louis XVI, and queen consort, Marie Antoinette, then 19. Trianon is the prequel to Madame Royale which is inspired by the life of Princess Marie-Thrse-Charlotte, daughter of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. Category:Marie Antoinette of Austria - Wikimedia Commons This is the context in which Marie Antoinette is said to have joked, "If they have no bread, then let them eat cake!" They came to the decision to flee to Montmdy, a royalist stronghold in the east of France. Marie Antoinette (November 2, 1755 - October 16, 1793), the Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, was later titled, Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre, as the queen consort and wife of Louis XVI of France.She was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa of Austria.She was married to Louis XVI at age 14 in a move to seal a favorable alliance between France .
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